Pages: (175-190 )
Abstract
The evolving dynamics of international relations in the 21st century have brought renewed attention to the agency of small states, particularly in the Global South. In the African context, small states, typically characterized by limited territorial size, population, economic capacity and military influence, have increasingly demonstrated strategic adaptability in navigating complex geopolitical environments. This paper examines the nature, strategies, and constraints of small state diplomacy in Africa, with a focus on how these states assert influence beyond their material capabilities. The study explores how African small states leverage multilateral institutions, regional bodies, and niche diplomacy to safeguard sovereignty, attract investment, and contribute to conflict resolution. The analysis highlights the use of soft power tools, strategic geographic positioning, and coalition-building as means of amplifying diplomatic presence. Furthermore, the paper interrogates the structural challenges these states face, including diplomatic resource constraints, vulnerability to external shocks, and marginalization in global governance. Despite these limitations, small African states have demonstrated a capacity to shape regional discourse, influence international norms, and punch above their weight in global forums. By foregrounding the agency of small states in African diplomacy, this paper contributes to a more insightful understanding of the continent's international engagement. It offers insights into the resilience and innovation of peripheral actors in the global system.
Keywords: African diplomacy, Foreign policy, International relations, Small states,